*HELP* Very Difficult Spreadsheet Calculations and Filtering

[xxblindsight]

Hello,
Attached you'll find a series of questions that I'm required to answer for an interview. I would say I am a decently skilled user of Excel, but I have no idea how to derive the results from some of the items. I'm not asking you to do the work, but I will need a lot of guidance on this. I would greatly appreciate any help I can get.
Pre-work.xlsx

[shg]

I think that you will find people very disinclined to assist in an assignment without any evidence of your own attempts.

Good luck.

[xxblindsight]

I figured people would want to see the original document rather the mess I made on my own. Like I said, I'm not looking for anyone to complete the assignment, but rather offer me guidance.