Excel array formulas - limitations and alternatives
Array formulas are by far one of the most powerful features in Excel, but not all-powerful. Here are the most critical limitations of arrays in Excel.
1. Large arrays may slow down Excel
Though Microsoft Excel does not impose any limit on the size of arrays you use in your worksheets, you are limited by memory available on your computer because recalculating formulas with large arrays is time consuming. So, in theory, you can create huge arrays consisting of hundreds or thousands of elements, in practice this is not recommended because they can drastically slow your workbooks.
2. Entire column arrays are not allowed
You are not allowed to create an array that includes a whole column or several columns for an obvious reason explained above. Array formulas in Excel are very resource-hungry and Microsoft is taking preventive measures against Excel's freezing.
3. Limit to array formulas referring to another sheet
In Excel 2003 and earlier versions, a given worksheet could contain a maximum of 65,472 array formulas referring to another sheet. In modern versions of Excel 2013, 2010 and 2007, cross-worksheet array formulas are limited by available memory only.
4. Debugging array formulas
If your array formula returns an incorrect result, make sure you pressed Ctrl + Shift + Enter when entering it. If you did, select parts of the formula and press the F9 to evaluate and debug them.
5. Alternatives to array formulas.
If you find Excel array formulas too complex and confusing, you can use one of Excel functions that can naturally process arrays of data (without pressing Ctrl + Shift + Enter). A good example is the SUMPRODUCT function that multiplies values in the specified arrays and returns the sum of those products. Another example is Excel INDEX function with an empty value or 0 in the row_num or col_num argument to return an array of values from the entire column or row, respectively.
If you want to download the Excel array formula examples discussed in this tutorial to reverse-engineer them for better understanding, you are most welcome to download formula examples. This is an .xlsm file since example 6 includes a custom VBA function, so you will have to click the Enable Content button after downloading to allow the macro to run.
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